Nous vous conseillons de faire la demande 4 jours avant votre arrivée sur l’île. Nous la soumettrons effectivement juste avant votre entrée sur le territoire capverdien. Quand partir au Cap-Vert? Les lieux à visiter au Cap-Vert Santa Luzia, réserve naturelle protégée, seuls les personnes autorisées par le ministère de l’Environnement y ont accès.
When this element is a noun or an adjective, plural is marked by an -s in words ending in a vowel and by -is in words ending in a consonant (fidjus ‘children’, badjadoris ‘dancers’, etc. ). However, like other grammatical markers, the plural marker is only used when the corresponding semantic value is not self-evident from the context. Some adjectives such as bunitu ‘pretty’ may end in -a when used to characterize female persons (un badjadera bunita ‘a pretty (female) dancer’). Expressions such as un kása bunita ‘a pretty house’ (with adjective concord according to the gender of Portuguese casa ‘house’) or nhas fidjus ‘my children’ (with a plural marking on the possessive) only occur in acrolectal varieties.
Compare: (9) a. Do you think that this is correct? b. Yesterday, I found the solution. has six verbal markers relating to aspect, mood, tense, and voice. Mood and aspect are expressed by preverbal particles (in this order), and relative tense and voice are expressed by verbal endings. The three preverbal markers are ál (‘desire’), sa (‘progressivity’), and ta (‘imperfectivity’). The three verbal endings are -ba (‘anteriority’), -du (‘passivity’), and -da (‘anteriority + passivity’). The modal marker ál has an alternative epistemic use which expresses a supposition. The inherent imperfectivity of a desire is never expressed by an additional ta. But sa ta may follow an epistemically used ál in order to express progressivity: (10) a.
Adjectives may precede or follow the noun. As in Romance languages, the preceding adjective modifies the meaning of the noun (as in un bon puéta ‘a poet writing good poetry’), the one which follows modifies the referent of the noun (as in un puéta bon ‘a poet who is good, for whatsoever reason’). In comparative constructions of equality, the standard is marked by sima:1 (1) Es kása li e áltu sima kel la. DEM house here be high as DEM there ‘This house is as high as that one.
Instead, there is a fourth nasal consonant /ŋ/ in words of African or onomatopoeic origin (meso- or acrolectal varieties have replaced it by a prenasalized /g/, as in ŋánha ['ŋaɲɐ] ‘interior part of a corncob’, becoming ngánha ['ŋgaɲɐ]). Table 2. Consonant phonemes bilabial labio-dental alveolar post-alveolar palatal velar plosive voiceless p t k voiced b d g nasal m n ɲ trill r fricative f s ʃ v z ʒ affricate c ɟ lateral l ʎ In the official Cape Verdean orthography ALUPEC, these consonants are represented by the same symbols with the exception of the post-alveolars and palatals – these are represented (from top to bottom) by <nh, x, j, tx, dj, lh>.
HGCV, Corpo documental I, 1988: 19–28). In Santiago and the nearby island of Fogo, cotton was grown and made into cloth and horses were raised. On the authority of the privileges, the colonists traded along the coast, exchanging the cloth and the horses for African goods and slaves. Only a minority of the slaves brought to Santiago and Fogo remained there, as the majority were resold to Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian merchants who dispatched them to the European and American markets. The colonists had arrived without servants and without their spouses.
Verb phrase There is no person, number, or gender concord in Santiago Creole verbs. Unless otherwise indicated, unmarked forms of stative and dynamic verbs yield different temporal meanings: (8) a. Es ten dos fidju. 3PL have two son ‘They have two children. Es perde dos fidju. 3PL loose two son ‘They lost two children. ’ In some verbs, the unmarked form has present-time reference when it is used with a stative meaning and past reference when treated as a dynamic verb.
Dios ál dá -u sórti! God MOD give -you luck ‘May God make you lucky! ’ b. Ómi ál sa ta trabádja. man MOD PROG IPFV work ‘The man will be working [now]. ’ Fitting the fact that progressivity implies imperfectivity, sa is always followed by ta, but, of course, ta is not always preceded by sa. ‘Future’ and ‘habituality’ are subsumed under ‘imperfectivity’. Es ta trabádja may thus mean ‘They work’, ‘They will work’, or ‘They use to work’. Stative verbs thus do not preclude the use of the imperfectivity marker ta.
The a- in the independent personal pronouns is an optional topic marker. Table 3. Personal pronouns and adnominal possessives dependent subject object independent pronouns adnominal possessives possessive 1sg N -m (a)mi nha di meu 2sg bu -(b)u (a)bo di bo 2sg. pol. m nhu (a)nho di nho 2sg. f (a)nha di nha 3sg e(l) -l (a)el si~se di sel 1pl nu -nu (a)nos nos di nos 2pl nhos (a)nhos di nhos 3pl es -s (a)es ses di ses Algen ‘somebody’ may be used as an indefinite subject, but a passive construction is normally preferred when the agent cannot or should not be specified: (6) Gomisiánu [the name of a steep track in Santiago] is said to be a combination of the names of two men.
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